1- Explain VLANs, trunk ports, and access ports. If you wanted to isolate a guest WiFi network from your corporate network on a managed switch, how would you configure it?

2- A customer's SAN is showing high latency. You've ruled out RAID failure and network saturation. The storage controller CPU is at 80%. Walk through: what metrics you'd check on the SAN itself, what could cause CPU bottlenecking, and how you'd prioritize which VMs to migrate off while troubleshooting.

3- You're implementing Azure AD Connect for a customer with 800 on-premises users. Explain the difference between password hash synchronization, pass-through authentication, and federated identity (ADFS). Which would you recommend for an MSP managing multiple customers, and why?

4- Walk us through your response to a critical incident: a customer's domain controller VM on Hyper-V becomes unresponsive during business hours. Staff can't log in to desktops. Take us through your first 30 minutes—what do you check, in what order, and how do you keep the customer informed? If it turns out the Hyper-V host ran out of memory, how do you prevent this recurring?

5- A customer reports their file server is "slow." As a 3rd line tech receiving this ticket, what's your first diagnostic step to narrow down the problem, and what three things would you check first?

6- Design a hybrid Azure architecture for a 200-user education customer with: on-premises file servers, Azure-hosted domain controllers, and cloud-based Teams/Office 365. Include network connectivity, DNS resolution, identity sync strategy, and how you'd handle a site-to-site VPN failure.

7- What's the purpose of multipath I/O (MPIO) in a storage-connected environment, and what problem does it solve?

8- A customer has 3 offices with high-volume file sharing between them. You're implementing site-to-site VPN for resilience. Describe: your firewall rule strategy (access control lists), how you'd prevent traffic hair-pinning, bandwidth management, and how you'd monitor and alert on VPN tunnel failures.

9- NAS device is showing degraded performance. RAID status is healthy, but file access is slow. What metrics would you check (cache hit ratio, CPU, network saturation, etc.), and how would you isolate whether the problem is network, storage controller, or disk subsystem?

10- A growing customer is asking you to design their IT infrastructure for the next 3 years (expecting 200→500 staff). They have a single office now but are opening a second site. Propose: on-premises vs. hybrid vs. cloud approach, why you'd recommend it, physical architecture (servers, storage, network redundancy), backup/disaster recovery strategy, and cost trade-offs.

11- Compare iSCSI and Fibre Channel for a Hyper-V cluster. For a small MSP customer with a £15k budget and 10 VMs, which would you choose and why? What's the key operational difference?

12- A customer has on-premises Hyper-V VMs backed up to Azure using Azure Site Recovery. Their primary datacenter loses power. Walk through: how failover works, what happens to licensing, how staff access the VMs temporarily, and your strategy to failback when power is restored.

13- What's the difference between a stateful and stateless firewall? In an MSP context, which would you typically deploy and why?

14- You have a Hyper-V host with 64GB RAM. You're running VMs totalling 80GB allocated memory but they rarely use more than 60GB at peak. What's this called, and is it safe? What could go wrong?

15- A customer has users in multiple on-premises forests that need to sync to a single Azure AD tenant. What's the challenge here, and how would you approach it?

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